The Stonehenge people

Rodney Castleden
THE STONEHENGE PEOPLE

To Professors Stuart Piggott, Colin Renfrew and Sir Harry Godwin, three pioneers of modern neolithic studies without whose research this book could not have been written.

First published 1987 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd


CONTENTS


Introduction

1. The mysterious monument

part 1
Settlement and agriculture

2. Here in this magic wood
3. Hearth and home
4. The broken circle

part 2
Industry, technology and communications

5. Of the effecte of certaine stones
6. Clay circles: The first pottery
7. By what mechanical craft
8. By the devil's force

part 3
The ceremonial monuments

9. Earth circles and earth lines: The ritual function
10. The old temples of the gods
11. Dialogue with death

part 4
People, polity and philosophy

12. The laughing children
13. The peaceful citadel
14. The great mystery
15. The speaking stones

Simbol and image in Celtic religious art

Miranda Green:
SIMBOL AND IMAGE IN CELTIC RELIGIOUS ART

Contents:

1. Prologue (1)
2. The female image (9)
3. The divine marriage (45)
4. The male image (74)
5. The symbolism of the natural world (131)
6. Triplism and multiple images (169)
7. Style and belief (206)
8. Epilogue (224)

In the earliest times, which were so susceptible to vague speculation and the inevitable ordering of the universe, there can have existed no division between the poetic and the prosaic. Everything must have been tinged with magic. Thor was not the god of Thunder; he was the thunder and the god.

Jorge Luis Borges, ‘The Gold of the Tigers’


Preface:

This book has come about through the first John Legonna Celtic Research Prize, which was awarded to me by the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth in March 1986. John Legonna (1918–78) was a celtophile whose father was Cornish and his mother Welsh. He had a lifelong commitment to the promotion of the identity of Wales and of all the Celtic countries. In 1971 John Legonna made a gift of his farm and lands at Pen Rhos Fach and ‘Chastell Cadwaladr’ at Llanrhystud near Aberystwyth to the National Library of Wales, in order to establish the John Legonna Celtic Research Prize. This he intended to foster Celtic studies and to enable scholars awarded it to pursue further research within their chosen field. The prize has enabled me to spend several weeks studying Celtic religious iconography in European museums and, consequently, to write Symbol and Image in Celtic Religious Art. It is for this reason that I have dedicated this book to the memory of John Legonna.

By the later first millennium BC the Celts had occupied much of Europe and had penetrated into Asia Minor, where they settled in Galatia (Map 1). By the early first millennium AD much of this Celtic territory had fallen under Roman domination. This book is primarily concerned with the pagan religious iconography of the main Celtic heartland of Gaul between circa 500 BC and AD 400. Detailed reference is made to Britain but, since the British material is relatively well documented and has been the subject of a number of recent surveys, most of my evidence for the present work has been collected from research in France, the Netherlands, and the Rhineland. The majority of the iconography examined here dates to the period of Roman influence on Celtic lands. My concern here is not with Celtic religion as a whole but with the contribution made by the divine images presented in the iconography to the interpretation of Celtic belief-systems. This is of especial interest because of the conflation of the Roman and Celtic cultures to form a distinctive Romano-Celtic tradition of cult-expression. It is this tradition which forms the focus of the present work.