Origin of the Arians

Исаак Тейлор

СЛАВЯНЕ И АРИЙСКИЙ МИР

(Isaac Taylor: The Origin of the Aryans)

В чем тайна ариев, к которой неизменно влечет думающего читателя? Кого считать «истинным арийцем»: славян, германцев, индийцев? Ученые ломают копья в поисках ответа. А если спросить самих древних ариев? Именно так решили авторы этой книги, антропологи Исаак Тейлор и Ильзе Швидецки. И отправились проводить свои «независимые расследования». Было это почти сто лет назад, но результаты тех исследований уважаемых ученых не устарели и поныне. Откройте эту книгу - и вы узнаете много нового и о славянах, 11  об ариях, и о себе самих.

Содержание


Глава первая
СПОРНЫЙ ВОПРОС ОБ АРИЙЦАХ

Глава вторая
ДОИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ РАСЫ ЕВРОПЫ

Глава третья
НЕОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЯ

Глава четвертая
АРИЙСКАЯ РАСА

Глава пятая
ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ АРИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

Глава шестая
МИФОЛОГИЯ АРИЙЦЕВ

Critical History of Early Rome

Gary Forsythe:
A CRITICAL HISTORY OF EARLY ROME
(From Prehistory to the First Punic War)




Contents

01. Italy in Prehistory

- The Land and its Linguistic Diversity
- Modern Archaeology and Prehistory
- Prehistoric Italy
- The Ice Man
- The Bronze and Iron Ages
- Ancient Languages and Modern Archaeology

02. Archaic Italy c. 800–500 B.C.
- Phoenicians in the West
- Greek Colonization in the West
- The Formation of Etruscan Civilization
- Phoenicians, Greeks, and Etruscans
- Growth and Decline of Etruscan Civilization
- The Alphabet
- The Archaeology of Early Latium

03. The Ancient Sources for Early Roman History

- The Annalistic Tradition
- The Antiquarian Tradition
- Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus
- Cicero and Diodorus Siculus
- Ancient Documentary Sources
- Roman Oral Tradition and Greek Myth

04. Rome During the Regal Period

- The Nature of the Evidence
- The Site of Rome
- The Archaeology of Early Rome
- The Ancient Literary Tradition
- Archaic Roman Institutions
Rome’s Growth and Expanding Horizons

05. Archaic Roman Religion

- Some Important Roman Divinities
- The Official Religious Calendar
- The Religious Priesthoods
- Roman Religious Practices and Ideology

06. The Beginning of the Roman Republic

- How Did The Monarchy End?
- The Nature and Origin of the Consulship
- The Early Consular Fasti
- Patricians and Plebeians
- Senators, Patricians, and Priests
- The Plebeian Tribunate
- The Tribal and Other Assemblies
- Rome and the Latins
- Sp. Cassius, the Fabii, and the Cremera
- Clan Warfare and the Lapis Satricanus

07. Rome of the Twelve Tables

- The Trial of K. Quinctius
- Appius Herdonius and Quinctius Cincinnatus
- Facts and Fictions of the Plebeian Tribunate
- The Decemviral Legislation
- Jurisdiction in Early Roman Law
- Litigation and Orality in Early Roman Law
- Society and Economy
- The Second Board of Decemvirs
- The Prohibition of Intermarriage
- The Second Secession and the Valerian Horatian Laws

08. Evolution and Growth of the Roman State, 444–367 B.C.

- The Military Tribunes with Consular Power
- The Sedition of Sp. Maelius
- The War Against Fidenae
- The War Against Veii
- The Gallic Catastrophe and Its Aftermath
- The Sedition of M. Manlius Capitolinus
- The Licinian Sextian Laws

09. Rome’s Rise to Dominance, 366–300 B.C.

- The Emergence of the Roman Nobility
- Tibur, Gauls, Greeks, and Carthage
- The Samnites and the First Samnite War
- The Latin War and its Consequences
- The Second Samnite War
- The Philinus Treaty
- Other Significant Changes in the Roman State
- Roman Factional Politics

10. Rome’s Conquest and Unification of Italy, 299–264 B.C.

- The Third Samnite War
- Early Roman Coinage
- Military Ethos and Aristocratic Family Tradition
- Domestic and Foreign Affairs during the 280s B.C.
- The Pyrrhic War
- The Roman Organization of Italy
- Some Final Assessments


http://www.4shared.com/document/dLU3A5qs/

Prehistory of Food

The Prehistory of Food
(Appetites for change)

The production and consumption of food can tell us much about how different cultures constructed and perceived their environment. The distinction between what is regarded as edible and inedible and the ecological systems in which people live are not just a passive backdrop to life but important indications of prevailing social and cultural systems. The Prehistory of Food discusses the changing uses of food in prehistory and sets subsistence firmly within its social context.

This collection presents studies from across the globe examining the interrelationships of food, biology and ecology. The contributors investigate the different roles food plays in culture: as an object of consumption and, subsequently, an important factor of socioeconomic change, as an agent of innovation affecting agriculture and methods of preparation and cooking, as a vital part of the landscape and as an important influence on the history of humans and plants. The Prehistory of Food contains case studies ranging from the rainforest groups of South America, to peoples of the desert fringes of Asia, to farmers in the Highlands of New Guinea. The book charts the movements of plants over the last 5,000 years, and with an impressive wealth of archaeological, genetic, botanical and linguistic evidence it tells the complex and fascinating story of the relationship between humans and their food.

The Prehistory of Food is of interest to all students and academics in the fields of archaeology, anthropology and archaeobotany.

Chris Gosden is Lecturer in Archaeology and curator at the Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford. Jon Hather is Lecturer in Archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London.

The Stonehenge people

Rodney Castleden
THE STONEHENGE PEOPLE

To Professors Stuart Piggott, Colin Renfrew and Sir Harry Godwin, three pioneers of modern neolithic studies without whose research this book could not have been written.

First published 1987 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd


CONTENTS


Introduction

1. The mysterious monument

part 1
Settlement and agriculture

2. Here in this magic wood
3. Hearth and home
4. The broken circle

part 2
Industry, technology and communications

5. Of the effecte of certaine stones
6. Clay circles: The first pottery
7. By what mechanical craft
8. By the devil's force

part 3
The ceremonial monuments

9. Earth circles and earth lines: The ritual function
10. The old temples of the gods
11. Dialogue with death

part 4
People, polity and philosophy

12. The laughing children
13. The peaceful citadel
14. The great mystery
15. The speaking stones

Simbol and image in Celtic religious art

Miranda Green:
SIMBOL AND IMAGE IN CELTIC RELIGIOUS ART

Contents:

1. Prologue (1)
2. The female image (9)
3. The divine marriage (45)
4. The male image (74)
5. The symbolism of the natural world (131)
6. Triplism and multiple images (169)
7. Style and belief (206)
8. Epilogue (224)

In the earliest times, which were so susceptible to vague speculation and the inevitable ordering of the universe, there can have existed no division between the poetic and the prosaic. Everything must have been tinged with magic. Thor was not the god of Thunder; he was the thunder and the god.

Jorge Luis Borges, ‘The Gold of the Tigers’


Preface:

This book has come about through the first John Legonna Celtic Research Prize, which was awarded to me by the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth in March 1986. John Legonna (1918–78) was a celtophile whose father was Cornish and his mother Welsh. He had a lifelong commitment to the promotion of the identity of Wales and of all the Celtic countries. In 1971 John Legonna made a gift of his farm and lands at Pen Rhos Fach and ‘Chastell Cadwaladr’ at Llanrhystud near Aberystwyth to the National Library of Wales, in order to establish the John Legonna Celtic Research Prize. This he intended to foster Celtic studies and to enable scholars awarded it to pursue further research within their chosen field. The prize has enabled me to spend several weeks studying Celtic religious iconography in European museums and, consequently, to write Symbol and Image in Celtic Religious Art. It is for this reason that I have dedicated this book to the memory of John Legonna.

By the later first millennium BC the Celts had occupied much of Europe and had penetrated into Asia Minor, where they settled in Galatia (Map 1). By the early first millennium AD much of this Celtic territory had fallen under Roman domination. This book is primarily concerned with the pagan religious iconography of the main Celtic heartland of Gaul between circa 500 BC and AD 400. Detailed reference is made to Britain but, since the British material is relatively well documented and has been the subject of a number of recent surveys, most of my evidence for the present work has been collected from research in France, the Netherlands, and the Rhineland. The majority of the iconography examined here dates to the period of Roman influence on Celtic lands. My concern here is not with Celtic religion as a whole but with the contribution made by the divine images presented in the iconography to the interpretation of Celtic belief-systems. This is of especial interest because of the conflation of the Roman and Celtic cultures to form a distinctive Romano-Celtic tradition of cult-expression. It is this tradition which forms the focus of the present work.

Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times

CELTIC ART IN PAGAN AND CHRISTIAN TIMES
by J. Romilly Allen, F.S.A.

First published: November 1904
Second edition: London, January 1912

Preface:

This work is an attempt - whether successful or not the critic must decide - to give a concise summary of the facts at present available for forming a theory as to the origin and development of Celtic art is meant the art of the peoples in Europe who spoke the Celtic language, but it must always be borne in mind that although linguistically the were Celts, yet racially they were of mixed Celtic and Iberian blood, so that their art was possibly quite as much Iberian as Celtic. It is only since the epoch-making discoveries of Schliemann in Greece, of Flinders Petrie in Egypt, and of Arthur Evans in Crete that it has been possible in a satisfactory manner to connect the culture of Britain in the Bronze Age with the corresponding culture on the Continent. It is now quite clear that certain characteristic decorative motives, such as the divergent spiral, are of foreign origin instead of having been invented in Ireland, as was at one time believed. Other discoveries made in England, more especially those at Aylesford, Glastonbury, Mount Caburn, and and Hunsbury, have thrown an entirely new light on the archæology of this country by showing that the Early Iron Age began here two or three centuries at least before the Roman occupation. Lastly, the explorations made by Continental antiquaries at Hallstatt in Austria, La Tène in Switzerland, and in the Gaulish cemeteries of the Marne district in France, point to the sources of the culture to which the late Sir Wollaston Franks gave the name "Late-Celtic".

Celtic art naturally divides itself into two distinct periods, the Pagan and the Christian. With regard to the latter, the remains have been so fully investigated that it is hardly probable any new facts will be brought to light which will seriously alter the conclusions now arrived at. With regard to the Pagan period the case is altogether different, as most of the finds hitherto made have been due to accident, and until the large number of inhabited and fortified sites belonging to this period are systematically excavated our knowledge must necessarily remain incomplete.

Contents:

Chapter I

The Continental Celts and How they Came to Britain

Chapter II

Pagan Celtic Art in the Bronze Age

Chapter III-V

Pagan Celtic Art in the Early Iron Age

Chapter VI-VIII

Celtic Art of the Christian Period

Balkan prehistory - Exclusion, incorporation and identity

Douglass W. Bailey - Balkan Prehistory (2000)

The period from 6500 to 2500 BC was one of the most dynamic eras of the prehistory of south-eastern Europe, for it saw many fundamental changes in the ways in which people lived their lives. This up-to-date and authoritative synthesis both describes the best excavated relevant Balkan sites and interprets long-term trends in the central themes of settlement, burial, material culture and economy.

Prominence is given to the ways people organized themselves, the houses and landscapes in which they lived and the objects, plants and animals they kept. The key developments are seen as the creation of new social environments through the construction of houses and villages, and a new materiality of life which filled the built environment with a wide variety of objects. Against the prevailing trends in European prehistory, the author argues for a prehistoric past riven with tension and conflict, where hoarding and the exclusion of people was just as frequent as sharing and helping.

Balkan Prehistory provides a much-needed guide to a period which has previously been inaccessible to western scholars. It will be an invaluable resource for undergraduates, advanced students and scholars.

Douglass W.Bailey is Lecturer in European Prehistory at the School of History and Archaeology, Cardiff University. He has carried out extensive fieldwork in Bulgaria and Romania.

Contents:

1. Setting the scene: the Balkans before 6500
2. Building social environments (6500–5500 BC)
3. New dimensions of material culture: pottery containers
and other forms of expression (6500–5500 BC)
4. Continuity or change? Burials, lithics, plants and animals
5. Continuities, expansion and acceleration of building and economy (5500–3600 BC)
6. Burial and expressive material culture (5500–3600 BC)
7. Transitions to new ways of living:
the Balkans after 4000 BC
8. The Balkans (6500–2500 BC):
exclusion, incorporation and projection

Early Civilizations of the Old World

The formative histories of Egypt, the
Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China

Charles Keith Maisels - Early Civilizations of the Old World, © 1999


To the genius of Titus Lucretius Carus (99/95 BC - 55 BC)
and his insight into the real nature of things.


1. HOW DOES THE PAST ILLUMINATE THE PRESENT?
The emergence of archaeology as a scientific discipline
The lands of the Bible ( = Near East)
Social archaeology
Childe’s checklist
The present illuminated: paths of the past, spirals to the future

2. SEMA-TAWY: THE LAND OF THE PAPYRUS AND LOTUS
The place
The time
Late Palaeolithic
Epipalaeolithic to Neolithic
State formation process
Childe’s checklist

3. THE LEVANT AND MESOPOTAMIA
The place
The time
Syria and the Levant
To the heartland of cities in Sumer, via Hassuna,
Samarra and Halaf village farming cultures
The social order
Conclusion
Childe’s checklist

4. THE INDUS/‘HARAPPAN’/SARASVATI CIVILIZATION
The place
The time
Social evolution: Neolithic to Chalcolithic at Mehrgarh
Later agricultural subsistence
Urban society
The misrepresentation of the Greater Indus oecumene
Class stratification
The fall
Palaeoethnology: kinship to caste
Conclusion
Childe’s checklist

5. THE CENTRAL KINGDOM, ZHONG-GUO
The place
The time
The Neolithic clusters
Final Neolithic to Chalcolithic
The Chalcolithic: Longshan
The Chalcolithic: Hongshan
Clanship and the territorial state
Bronze Age urbanism
States: The three dynasties
The late Shang capital at Anyang
The earlier Shang capital at Zhengzhou
Western Zhou
Childe’s checklist

6. CONCLUSION: THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY
How useful do Childe’s criteria turn out to be?
Childe’s other revolution
Political economies
Politics and the state
Social evolution

Archæology of Celtic Art

Dennis W. Harding:
THE ARCHÆOLOGY OF CELTIC ART (2007)

Tempering the much adopted art-historical approach, Harding argues for a broader definition of Celtic art. Contrary to recent attempts to deconstruct the Celts as an ethnic entity altogether, he argues that there were communities in Iron Age Europe thatwere identified historically as Celts, regarded themselves as Celtic, or who spoke Celtic languages, and that the art of these communities may reasonably be regarded as Celtic art. Though the La Tène styles represent the summation of achievement of Celtic art, the origin and geographical distribution of Celtic art extend well beyond the La Tèneculture zone.

Though art-historical considerations remain essential, Harding shows that Celtic artshould also be viewed within its broader archaeological context. From Central Europe to the Atlantic west, Celtic art was essentially a social and political art, as well as a religious art, and a medium through which identity could be asserted. It was fundamentally embedded in Celtic society, custom and belief. This new study will beindispensable for anyone wanting to take a fresh and innovative perspective on Celtic art.

Dennis W. Harding is Abercromby Professor of Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh. His most recent book The Iron Age in Northern Britain was published in 2004.

Contents

01. Definitions, material and context
02. ‘An art with no genesis’: later Bronze Age and Hallstatt origins
03. The La Tène Early Styles: origins and influences
04. The La Tène developed styles
05. The art of the swordsmith
06. The La Tène later relief styles
07. Insular British art to the Roman Conquest
08. La Tène and non-La Tène in Ireland
09. South-West Europe and the Celtiberians
10. Later styles and Romanizing influences
11. Later insular art in Britain and Ireland
12. Conclusions: archaeology and Celtic art